Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates rate of several intracellular processes in response to extracellular signals, nutrients availability and energy status of the cell. mTOR regulates survival, differentiation and development of neurons including processes such as development of axon and dendritic arbor and synaptogenesis. In adult brain mTOR is crucial for synaptic plasticity as well as for learning and memory formation. Recent studies show that inappropriate activation of mTOR might be linked to several pathologies of the nervous system including brain tumors and neurode- generative disorders such as Alzheimer`s, Parkinson`s and Huntington`s diseases. This review presents current knowledge about a role of mTOR in physiology and pathology of the nervous system.