Central nervous system (CNS) is seen as crucial in the organism and plays critical role in regulation and decision making processes on multisystem and behavioral level. The variety of diseases affecting CNS, and lack of effective therapy raises a question of chance of maintenance or recovery of the nervous function within the organism own forces. The presence of heterogenic population of stem (SCs) and progenitor cells in various regions of the retina and brain is well documented. It has been also proved an association between SC mobilization from bone marrow into peripheral blood with nervous tissue injury. The recent discoveries indicating presence of very small embryonic-like, pluripotential stem cells within retina and mobilized peripheral blood suggest theoretically unlimited potential for self-repair of the organism. Nevertheless, the mechanism of SC action in the process of self regeneration of damaged nervous tissue remains to be elucidated.