For many years, mouse-ear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) is used as a model plant. He found wide application in molecular biology, genetics and physiology of plants. An important breakthrough in the methodology of genetic transformation of plants was demonstrated for Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants able to obtain without the use of in vitro cultures. In planta transformation method was described over 20 years ago. In this paper, the changes made in the procedure for genetic transformation of Arabidopsis in recent years.

Shoot apical meristem has two principal functions : the creation of self- and lateral buds organs , such as leaves and stems fillet . These functions are closely associated with zones cytohistologicznymi meristem . The central zone , which is engaged in samoodtwarzanie meristem , in Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by the expression of the gene family clavata and WUSCHEL . Create organ primordia occurs in the lateral peripheral zone . Located below the central zone meristem Pole involved in the formation of the stem.

The role of communication symplastowej as part of an information exchange system between the cells of the body plant during its growth and development has been described as an example embriogenezyArabidopsis thaliana. Studies in recent years have demonstrated fact that one of the mechanisms of regulation of developmental processes are changes in the permeability of plasmodesmata between the cells of the embryo.

Root hairs are cylindrical in shape outgrowths of root epidermis. They are characterized by the tip growth which relies on the deposition of new components of cell membrane and cell wall at the tip of the growing hair. The main role of root hairs is to extend the root surface, uptake of water and mineral soils. They are responsible for building interactions with soil microorganisms, and in some species, they synthesize and secrete bioherbicides. The development of root hairs is a complex process that involves many proteins, enzymes and cellular structures.

Flowering is a complex physiological process which depends on many internal and external factors. Transition from vegetative to generative stage in Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by several developmental pathways. Among them are: giberellin, autonomous, vernalization, light quality and pho- toperiod pathways. In most of plants flowering depends on light and temperature. Light quality pathway is connected with the shade-avoidance syndrome. Acceleration of flowering during shade-avoidance syn- drome is controlled by three major molecules: phytochrome B, PFT1 protein and FT gene.

Circadian clock is one of the most fascinating adaptations to life on Earth. Thanks to the internal clock organisms can not only respond to the periodic succession of day and night, but also measure the length of day, which is an indicator of the seasons. Endogenous clock generates rhythms of approximately 24 hours . Setting the clock is done mainly through changes in temperature and light conditions at dawn and dusk.